Human Error Theory in Health Care

Persistent wellbeing is an essential standard of medicinal services. Each progression in human services administration contains natural dangerous elements . The mix among most current advancements, wellbeing advancements and medicines have presented a synergistic improvement in social insurance industry, and changed it into progressively complex field. This ascent wellbeing dangers which may result from issues by and by, systems and medication and so forth . This Essay will talk about the connection between human components and patient security. Definitions Patient security is the decrease of pointless damage related with healthcares to worthy least â€Å"(Runciman ,Hibbert , Thomson , Der Schaaf , Sherman ,Lewalle , 2009) Human mistake in medicinal services can be seen by two unique techniques: â€Å"the individual methodology and the framework approach†, each model has own viewpoints . Understanding these distinctions has a critical handy results in medicinal services indus try and open sights for the board of clinical mistake (Reason, 2000). The individual methodology weight on the dangerous demonstration and procedural deviations of nurses,â physicians, pharmacists.It investigations these hazardous goes about as coming about predominantly from degenerate mental capacities, for example, absence of memory & focus , helpless excitement , lack of regard, , and recklessness(Reason, 2000) . The related preventive measures are planned for the most part at diminishing dangerous irregularity in human execution (Reason, 2000) . While the framework approach knowledge human mistakes as results instead of causes, hence it transfers the explanations behind blunder event on disappointment of authoritative framework (Reason, 2000).Countermeasures are built up on the hypothesis that in spite of the fact that â€Å"we can't change the human condition, we can modify theâ circumstances under which people work† (Reason, 2000). Human blunder Theory Patien ts consistently anticipate that wonderful arrangements should every issue. In such desires individuals who get clinical administrations will in general accept that no mix-ups can occur. It is really not really, and it is seen that there are occurrences where the clinical mistakes can happen at any stage (Moyen, Camrie, Stelfox, 2008).They can occur if the social insurance supplier picks an unseemly strategy for diagnosing the issue. There is another degree for clinical blunder if the execution part turns out badly, significantly subsequent to picking the right technique. Accordingly, such clinical mistakes are just alluded to as the human blunders in the region of wellbeing science (Moyen , Camrie ,Stelfox ,2008 ) . The significance of this issue can be seen by the report gave by the American Institute of Medicine.It expressed that US Hospitals been have shocking as there had been passings which were be ‘avoidable’. A few cases were the clinical staff awkward, and other s were seen that poor people framework was really past the disappointment. The potential defects in the framework are there like the helpless correspondence, between the clinical group and among them and the patients; likewise the announcing arrangement of the emergency clinic experiences the absence of the coordination in the medical clinic framework (Taxis & Barber, 2003). .This subject can be better comprehended with connection to the current human mistake hypothesis which consider blunders are open doors for development and it strangely feature the idea of mistake, a similar issue was followed by abstract scholar and rationalist Francis Bacon(1620), that human psyche has consistently thought of the ‘over-generalisations’ which implies that the human brain consistently have that pompous component of recalling things. This idea itself offers ascend to mistake, since it all of being altogether impeccable which isn't possible.The hypothesis stands broadly acknow ledged by the British Department of Health, they have moved away from exclusively accusing the people, towards tolerating the way that blunder is something inescapable ( Runciman ,Hibbert , Thomson , Der Schaaf , Sherman ,Lewalle , 2009) Various abstract researchers, researchers and the therapist have called attention to the way that there are some psychological procedures and the numerous upsetting variables in the authoritative condition and the environmental factors that can prompt different mishaps in the medicinal services domain.According to Reason’s understanding for the idea of blunder (1990), it is â€Å"the disappointment of an arranged activity to be finished as planned †without the intercession of some unforeseeable occasion; or the utilization of an off-base intend to accomplish a point. † This definition was by one way or another exposed to changed responses, while some acknowledged this chance of the blunder while others thought it was just a guise for the slip-ups done in a clinical scenario.Though in the contemporary setting this Human Error Theory has picked up ubiquity on the grounds that the equivalent has been exceptionally in importance to the Norman’s thought of mistake, and subsequently these viewpoints which have been manufactured are the ‘Human Factors’ (Carayon, 2008) Further numerous components have been examined with connection to a similar hypothesis like the slips and the breaches from the memory, the psychological exhibition and so forth (Carayon, 2008). A similar hypothesis is generally acknowledged in view of the exact portrayal for the human factors yet at the same time a similar stays helpless against the criticism.The same adequately draws out that the nursing is a significant factor in medicinal services however there can be chances for human untrustworthiness where even a similar framework can neglect to recognize those how such mistakes can be maintained a strategic distance from. I n any case, the investigate of the equivalent has been there on working up the counter-contention that the activity of nursing goes with humanities, accordingly the fundamental human elements which can be controlled like the individual cleanliness like the wearing of the uniform, washing the hands, the utilization of hostile to bacterial and the counter popular methods while taking care of the patients can ensure high disease control (Handler, et al, 2006).The accessibility of the prepared staff which is eager to go to the patients can successfully prompted stop the encouraging of the mistakes. Other human elements which can be worked upon by the nursing staff in the emergency clinic can go from the legitimate purpose behind which a medication is being utilized the assortment of the valid and the correct records thusly the best possible documentation of the patient’s disease.These were the scrutinizes that were made on the different human entertainers which can prompt genuine clinical imperfections (framework) and the results can get deadly (Handler, et al, 2006). Swiss cheddar Model Also, the evaluation of the Swiss Cheese Model is important to comprehend that how the arrangement of the clinical mistakes contains the openings of the blunders. The same the gaps that are available in a Swiss cheddar there are the inborn gaps that are available in the clinical system.This translation of the blunders is framed based on the Swiss cheddar model, it accentuation on the causes present in the framework as opposed to accusing such a the individual disappointments. In a manner this model has acted so far as an agent for giving a thought in what capacity can the difficult occasions happen in a human services framework and in what manner should they be forestalled. The Swiss Cheese Model successfully brings the noteworthy human variables and the framework factors which sway the medicinal services set up and the different quality and the security perspectives.The cl inical mistakes as indicated by the model have an extension to emerge on account of the Organizational elements, the hazardous work conditions, the human propensity for the risky activities and the dangerous demonstrations. The authoritative impacts are the absence of the administration of the assets that are given in the human services settings like the unnecessary utilization of the apparatuses which are detached, the inappropriately kept up machines and the absence of coordination among the staff individuals (Reason, 2000).The next is the diverting and the fluctuating workplace of the medical clinic, additionally alluded to as the Organizational atmosphere, similar to the sluggish staff individuals, the inexpert specialists and the fanatical attendants who are reluctant to take care of the patient’s inquiries. The third powerful factor is the operational procedure; this records to the technique that is followed for finding, the attendant or the clinical boss may enjoy eith er excessively quick preparing or the too moderate procedures (Karman, L. , 2008).The extraordinary conduct of the clinicians and the medicinal services staff along these lines can be alluded to as the hazardous in the operational procedure. The understanding of the model characterizes that the human services framework ought to be tireless in managing the patients at the ideal time and with the privilege organizing, for this the suggested framework by the Swiss Cheese Model where the openings ought to be viewed as the odds where the on-going arrangement or the activity can fizzle and the cuts of the cheddar are the ‘defensive layers’ therefore turning into the security steps or the shields (Karmen, L. 2008).. Thusly, the various layers just go about as the channel, where regardless of whether the mix-up, the mistake or the defect in the activity has happened in the initial step then the equivalent can be caught in the protective layer, leaving no extension for the blund er to be given to the following level. This is conceivable in light of the fact that the following layer would not be having indistinguishable places of the gaps from it was in the past layer.This translation along these lines engenders the principle thought that however the regular propensity of a person to commit errors can't be rectified yet the adjustment can be made at the piece of the arrangement that is being executed with the goal that the odds of the lethal results are successfully limited (Karmen, L. , 2008). End based on the Human Error Theory and the fundamental Human Factors that are answerable for the disappointment of the medicinal services framework, one can presume that the basic audit of Swiss Cheese Model can act the hero numerous patients ho are admitted to the social insurance communities. The inquiry which the investigation has addressed is that ‘Can the human mistakes be adequately decreased in the clinical setting? ’ and it appears that a positi

The Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

The Great Depression - Essay Example As the examination pronounces most ranchers and organizations subsequently started to acquire misfortunes and default on their advances. The circumstance deteriorated after certain pieces of the country were hit by a horrendous dry season. America was likewise working on a free enterprise financial arrangement that didn't force any guidelines on organizations. Most organizations paid low wages to their laborers prompting lopsided riches dispersion. The above elements combined with the way that Europe was additionally experiencing the downturn prompted an expanded decrease in the market for American items. It prompted the conclusion of organizations, increment in obligations, enormous joblessness, and dispossession of banks. The last blow came about because of the breakdown of the New York financial exchange that prompted the loss of billions of dollars of speculator cash. As the report stresses President Hoover attempted to end the monetary emergency by empowering participation among government and business, setting up government organizations, cultivating work amicability and endeavoring to adjust the financial plan. He would not include the national government in controlling the money, fixing costs or controlling organizations. He additionally would not utilize government cash to give direct guide residents henceforth worked on the rule of rough independence. President Franklin Roosevelt, then again, held a significantly more liberal way of thinking as he accepted the national government was required to step in and give direct guide to its kin.

Euthanasia and Christian Beliefs Essay -- Euthanasia Mercy Death Healt

Willful extermination Willful extermination is characterized in the Chamber’s English Dictionary as â€Å" the demonstration or practice of putting somebody effortlessly, or as tenderly as could be expected under the circumstances, to death†. There are different types of Euthanasia, which I should disclose before alluding to the lessons of the diverse Christian categories. The most widely recognized of them is Voluntary Euthanasia, where the patient chooses for themselves, that they would like to be dead. They may choose at that point, or maybe they may have composed a ‘living will’ teaching specialists to slaughter them on the off chance that they are ever in a circumstance where they will never be cognizant again. There is likewise In-willful Euthanasia, were another person rules against the patient’s wishes that would be in an ideal situation dead, and authorizes it in the demonstration of slaughtering them. In this manner it is regularly outflanked as Euthanasia, since it isn't ‘gentle’. Non-intentional Euthanasia happens in a circumstance where the patient can't be asked, or all the more effectively, can't reply. This might be on the grounds that the casualty is a child and canâ€℠¢t talk yet, or maybe the casualty is in a state of extreme lethargy and can't react to individuals around him, yet for this situation a family member or specialist will choose for the individual. It is additionally essential to recognize the distinction between executing somebody (Active), and allowing them to bite the dust (Passive). Slaughtering an individual is communicated in an activity. A case of this, would be a specialist infusing his patient with a toxic substance. Though allowing somebody to kick the bucket, is communicated in not playing out an activity. A case of this would be a specialist not providing his patient with drugs that would spare his life, and thus the patient’s life is abbreviated. I will set, examine, lastly assess a discussion about Voluntary Euthanasia utilizing settings from both the Roman Catholic Church, and the Church of England. A portion of the key impacts I will allude to are Natural Law, Situation Ethics, Doctrine of Double Effect, The Golden Rule, Church archives, and the Bible. Overlooking every single strict view, a contention for Voluntary Euthanasia performed by somebody other than the patient, is that it is basically ‘mercy killing’. This would, under general Christian perspectives, be on the grounds that it was a demonstration of adoration, and after all that is the thing that Christianity rotates around. One inquiry, that must be addressed is, ‘Is there a distinction among slaughtering and allowing somebody to pass on, with regards to an argu... ...f the family would endure because of his demise, at that point he ought not pass on in an unnatural manner. In any case, almost certainly, they will be enduring with him, and will feel the help in the event that he doesn't, and they don't need to watch him, live any more extended in his agonizing condition. If so, at that point they ought to back his sentiments, and give him their help. It has been said that in spite of the fact that the earth doesn't have a place with the individuals, God created people to settle on their own choices on it. Subsequently on account of willful killing, there is no uncertainty that the end choice must be made by the patient, and not the specialist. In the event that the patient is in a diligent vegetative state, at that point the intrigue for his passing, falls into the non-intentional classification, and is of no difficulty to my decision. As I have said as of now, the fifth instruction is tending to the point of killing blameless individuals. Murder is the point at which one individual deliberately slaughters another without lawful legitimization or reason. In the event that willful extermination was authorized, at that point it would not formally be murder. In such a case, a Christian would not be damaging the fifth edict, and there would be no motivation behind why he was unable to be a supporter.

Individual against Society in A Dolls House and Porphyrias Lover - Literature Essay Samples

Browning’s dramatic monologues Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess critique Victorian society’s restrictive patriarchal values which suppressed a female’s endeavors for individualism. Meanwhile, Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House condemns the pretense of an idealistic marriage within a social hierarchy through his female protagonist, Nora. Both composers ultimately demonstrate the implications of their characters’ attempts to subvert society’s expectations. Robert Browning’s dramatic monologue, Porphyria’s Lover, challenges Victorian society’s dominant patriarchal values by critiquing society’s tendency to undermine the role of women. The 1800s in England saw a period of misogynistic values imposed upon women, resulting in the stifling of their autonomy. However, Browning subverts these gender stereotypes through his portrayal of Porphyria, who transgresses social conventions when she visits her lover at night. The pathetic fallacy of ‘The rain set early in to-night/The sullen wind was soon awake’ establishes the persona’s unstable state of mind and foreshadows the consequences of Porphyria’s independence. Furthermore, having â€Å"laid her soil’d gloves by† and â€Å"let the damp hair fall†, Browning characterizes Porphyria as a ‘fallen woman’ who was condemned by Victorian society for being unchaste. Browning asserts Porphyria’s self-determ ination through the use of polysyndeton in â€Å"And made her smooth white shoulder bare†¦And spread, o’er all, her yellow hair†, evoking a sensual atmosphere, which challenges Victorian constraints on women’s behavior. However, the repetition in â€Å"that moment she was mine, mine fair† demonstrates a role reversal, which epitomizes her lover’s objectification of Victorian women and his possessiveness. The consequences of female independence are revealed in â€Å"yellow string I wound†¦And strangled her†, where Porphyria’s hair, initially a symbol of her femininity, eventually silences her, exaggerating the oppression of Victorian women under patriarchal control. Browning ultimately employs the religious allusion, â€Å"And yet God has not said a word!† to ironically underline the acceptability of her lover’s actions, unlike Porphyria’s sexual autonomy which was condemned by the patriarchal society. Th us, Browning condemns the suppression of women’s sexuality in Victorian England through examining Porphyria’s unconventional conduct. Meanwhile, Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House transgresses Victorian expectations of bourgeois women’s subservience towards their husbands through Nora’s failure to adhere to her ascribed domestic role. The male domination that restrained a female’s self-determination is established in Torvald’s patronizing animal imagery, â€Å"my little lark†¦squirrel†, reflecting the preconceived inferiority of Victorian women. This is reinforced in Ibsen’s stage direction of Nora â€Å"playing with buttons, not looking at him†, where her childish frivolity reflects her subservient role in her relationship, and demonstrates the patriarchal dominance of late 19th century society. Furthermore, Torvald’s condescending language towards Nora, â€Å"Just like a woman!you know what I think about that. No debt! No borrowing!† exemplifies society’s presumption of a woman’s fiscal irresponsibility. The assumed dependenc e of women in this era is further epitomized in Nora’s friend Mrs Linde’s generalization, â€Å"A wife can’t borrow without her husband’s permission†. Yet Nora transcends social expectations by â€Å"working and earning money. Almost like a man† to repay the loan, the simile signifying her subversion of traditional gender roles, which mirrors Porphyria in Browning’s poem. The frenetic tarantella dance along with Ibsen’s stage directions â€Å"[Nora’s] hair falls†¦she pays no attention† symbolize growing independence and reflects her desire to liberate herself from societal expectations. Thus, Ibsen condemns the suppression of female conduct and emphasizes the need to overcome restrictive patriarchal values within society. Browning’s dramatic monologue My Last Duchess also critiques society’s constraints by examining the consequences of a female individual’s subversion of social pretenses and hierarchy. The Married Woman’s Property Act in 1882 allowed women to retain their belongings after divorce, subsequently exposing the faà §ade of marriage as women abandoned their marital duties. The diminished importance of women is established through the personal pronoun â€Å"my last duchess painted on the wall†, where the artwork symbolizes the Duke’s objectification of his late wife, undermining her existence to mere aesthetics. Through the parenthetical aside, â€Å"(since none puts by/The curtain I have drawn for you, but I)†, Browning exemplifies the Duke’s excessive hubris towards his envoy when presenting his deceased wife as an object to validate his social status. The Duke’s disapproval of his wife’s metaphorical â€Å"spot of joy †¦too soon made glad, Too easily impressed† epitomizes his patriarchal condemnation of her inherent geniality, which breaches the class boundaries Victorian women were expected to embody. Furthermore, Browning delineates the Duchess’ undermining of the Duke’s social position through the symbolism in â€Å"She liked whate’er she looked on, and her looks went everywhere†, with the negative connotations foreshadowing her downfall. The truncated sentences, â€Å"This grew; I gave commands† reflects the Duke’s autocratic behavior, and alludes to the dire consequences of the Duchess’ failure to fulfill her role within the social hierarchy. Browning concludes the monologue with a mythical allusion, â€Å"Notice Neptune, though,/Taming a sea-horse†, where the Roman god’s dominance over a fragile creature foreshadows the Duke’s authority over his next wife. Therefore, Browning condemns the suppression of women i n a class-conscious society through the repercussions of the Duchess’ unorthodox behavior, and encourages greater female autonomy. However, unlike the submission of the Duchess in Browning’s dramatic monologue, Ibsen denounces the pretense of marriage within social hierarchy which suppresses autonomy and advocates for a woman’s subversion of her domestic duties to strengthen her identity. While Nora’s costuming as a â€Å"little Capri fishergirl† represents youth and sensuality, conventional for 19th century women, the stage direction of â€Å"dancing more and more wildly† symbolizes her desire for liberation from her marriage facade. Nora’s stage directions as she secretively â€Å"puts the macaroons in her pocket and wipes her mouth† demonstrates her forbidden consumption of sweets which signifies her wish for independence within a restrictive marriage. Furthermore, Nora realizes the pretense of her marriage, epitomized in the symbolic â€Å"Changing. No more fancy dress†, where the clothing motif reveals the subversion of social expectations leading to h er empowerment, unlike the Duchess who fails to liberate herself from societal confinements. Nora’s epiphany that â€Å"I’m your dolly-wife, just as I used to be Daddy’s dolly baby† exemplifies her recognition of social hierarchy that objectifies the female individual and restricts her autonomy. Nora ultimately abandons her maternal and marital duties through her use of personal pronouns, â€Å"I think that first I’m a human being, just like you† which delineates her self-determination to strengthen her female identity. The final slamming of the door symbolizes Nora’s emancipation from domestic duties in her confining marriage. Therefore, Ibsen challenges the societal restrictions enforced on females through Nora’s individualistic pursuit of her ideals. Both Browning and Ibsen expose the consequences of their characters’ individualistic attempts to subvert social expectations. While Browning shocks his audience with the unpredictable consequences of his female individuals in their intentions to transgress female propriety and ascribed domestic roles, Ibsen reveals the empowerment that women obtain after abandoning social mores.

Plato Vs. Aristotle on Art Essay - 1997 Words

For over two thousand years, various philosophers have questioned the influence of art in our society. They have used abstract reasoning, human emotions, and logic to go beyond this world in the search for answers about arts existence. For philosophers, art was not viewed for its own beauty, but rather for the question of how art and artists can help make our society more stable for the next generation. Plato, a Greek philosopher who lived during 420-348 B.C. in Athens, and Aristotle, Plato’s student who argued against his beliefs, have no exceptions to the steps they had to take in order to understand the purpose of art and artists. Though these two philosophers made marvelous discoveries about the existence of art, artists, and†¦show more content†¦Here, he is a believer in those who use knowledge to understand nature in reality and is against people who use their senses through art to understand the beauty of nature. In addition, Plato says artists promote the use of our senses over reason through something they do not have an experience of. According to Plato, â€Å"There are philosophers, who form an idea, then a craftsperson, who makes the physical representation of the idea, and then the poor artist who creates a copy of a copy of that idea† (Blocker 5). In this sense, an artist has no clue what he is creating because his works are only imitations of other people’s ideas. Therefore, Plato considered artists to be dangerous in the human society because they are not experts in the representations they create. Plato takes an addition step at making fun of artists when he stresses people’s role in the great society. He despises an artist’s existence in a great society because he believes each individual should master only one skill in life. Plato believes there are three classes that one can belong in. One can be a provider, a guardian, or a ruler. According to Plato, each class has its own unique characteristic th at helps create this great society. He explained providers bring the necessary goods to keep the society alive such as food, water, and shelter. Guardians are brave and honorableShow MoreRelatedViolence in the Arts Ââ€" Plato vs. Aristotle Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in The Arts Ââ€" Plato vs. Aristotle Nowadays, it is hard to turn on a television program, catch a movie or buy your younger sibling a video game without encountering a warning for extreme violence. Everyday, our lives are exposed to violence on the screen, whether it is in the latest Sopranos episode or even watching the six oclock news. For quite a while now, people have been demanding that stricter censorship be placed on the media, especially those programs and video games that canRead MoreCompare And Contrast Philo And Plato1615 Words   |  7 PagesPlato vs. Aristotle - Opposite Philosophies The Greek philosopher Aristotle once said, â€Å"Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is truth.† Plato, who was also a philosopher, was Aristotle’s teacher. Aristotle thought highly of Plato and respected him. However, as Aristotle’s wisdom grew, he started to question and even disagree with the concepts Plato taught him. This is why Aristotle wrote that he admires and respects Plato, but admires and respects the truth more. Aristotle started to develop hisRead MoreThe 5 Hearths Of Civilization2028 Words   |  9 Pagescivilizations. Plato and Aristotle Plato and Aristotle are two of the most famous figures in ancient Greek history. These men were two of the most influential philosophers and scholars of their times. Although Aristotle was considered Plato’s most prized student, they had their differences. As a devoted follower of Socrates, Plato was an idealist. He developed what is known as inductive reasoning, which is going from a specific observation to a generalization. On the other hand, Aristotle was a realistRead MorePlato vs. Aristotle1952 Words   |  8 PagesPlato vs. Aristotle Plato and Aristotle, two philosophers in the 4th century, hold polar views on politics and philosophy in general. This fact is very cleverly illustrated by Raphaels School of Athens (1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican), where Plato is portrayed looking up to the higher forms; and Aristotle is pointing down because he supports the natural sciences. In a discussion of politics, the stand point of each philosopher becomes an essential factor. It is not coincidentalRead MoreAn Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagescultural propaganda. Greek Heros= models of courage skill to men (what to be) women (what to look for- sense of security). a. Dominant Theme: warrior code of personal honor and glory b. Contrasting themes: Family principle, simple country life vs. war, admiration of enemies. 5. Literary works by Homer Blind poet Homer - represents the culmination of a long and vigorous tradition in which oral recitation—possibly to instrumental accompaniment—was a popular kind of entertainment. Read MorePlato s Ideal State1919 Words   |  8 PagesCHAPTER III. Types of Plato in this part of our presentation, we take a look at another important part of the teachings of Plato s ideal state in particular and the political views of Plato, in general. Plato s ideal state - a speculative concept, which takes place in comparison with other types of which Plato also describes. First of all, we mean the four imperfect form of the state - timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. Also in this context, it is advisable to consider utopian aristocraticRead MoreThe Persian Wars Were Significant For World History1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthe foundation of politics, which helps modern civilization thrive. Furthermore, the Golden Age for Greek culture during the aftermath of the Persian wars forms many advancements especially in architecture. â€Å"Greek architecture remained a dynamic art form, by which no two temples were ever made exactly alike†¦there is a conservatism and reverence for the past that preserved the orders and gave the architecture its timeless quality.† Since the Greeks got to stay in Greece after the wars, the wreckageRead MoreThe Concept Of Readymade Art Emerged At The Forefront Of The 20th Century1034 Words   |  5 PagesPanasiuk April 9, 2015 The concept of readymade art emerged at the forefront of the 20th century. Artists introduced conceptual pieces that relied solely on perception, rather than creation. This destructuralization of the art world blurred the lines between art and non-art. Absurdity had been introduced, and standards plummeted, in limbo for eternity. Art became void of all rules and obligations, the very distinctions they require. With no structure the art world is obsolete. Through theories of realismRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Perception Of Beauty1389 Words   |  6 Pagesthat beauty is a biologically influenced phenomenon. But influence is the operative word. Beauty is also societally influenced. Society includes individuals, institutions and the media, among other things. One could easily relate this debate to nature vs. nurture. Is it biology or environment? Of course, it is both. Humans are not just made up of DNA. We are moral and cultural creatures. Discussing the primacy of such factors k eeps the debate alive. In defining beauty, scholars have a divide betweenRead MoreRenaissance Ideals of Humanism Are Expressed in the Italian Art of the Period970 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss how Renaissance ideals of humanism are expressed in the Italian art of the period, referring to specific works and artists. During the fourteenth century Italy witnessed notable changes, which throughout the next couple of centuries extended towards northern Europe. This was later described as the Renaissance, the cultural achievements through sixteenth centuries; those achievements rest on the economic and political developments of earlier centuries. (Western Society, 413) This was

Why China Is Good For Africa - 1542 Words

Why China is good for Africa Introduction In the ancient history, very little information, if any, is documented about the relationship between Africa and China. In the 21st century, however, the relationship between Africa and China is one that has attracted the attention of many people. The question that lingers in the minds of everyone therefore is, â€Å"how beneficial is the Africa- China relationship beneficial to the African continent?† answering this question may lead an individual in determining why Africa today really needs the involvement of China into its spheres (Meng, Barton, 2011). This paper aims at analyzing the Africa – China relationship through the lens of how this relationship is essential to Africa, thus, â€Å"why China†¦show more content†¦There exist the economic curves of demand and supply, based on the discussion herein. As opposed to most western countries, China has proven vital to Africa economically based on the characteristics of the Africa –China relationship. China’s relationship with Africa is symbiotic in nature. As Africa gains, china gains too (Alden, 2009). Africa provides China with raw materials like minerals, agricultural products, tourist attraction sites and many more. In return, most African nations have been subjected to massive development in infrastructure as well as acquisition of funds to develop other areas of their respective economies. Originally, Africa exported her products to the western countries following the influence that those western nations had over African nations during the colonial era. One would then expect that the western nations would return the favor to Africans and help build their nations. If today an individual compares the fruits of the relationship between Africa and western countries with that of Africa and China, it is clearly evident that Africa benefits more from China than she did on western nations. Probably, the west considered developing their industries more than they did to those of Africans. Today, African exports have gained an advantage in the global market, thanks to the relationship with China. By associating with China, African exports stand a chance of expanding the market and stiffening the demand. Both nations and

Obedience and Conscience Psychological Conflict

Question: Discuss about the Obedience and Conscience for Psychological Conflict. Answer: Introduction: Obedience is recognized as a form of human behavior that makes a person to explicit orders and instructions from an authoritative figure. It is separated from conformity and compliance in the sense that they are either the behavior expressed to match the majority and influenced by the peers. A hierarchy of status and power is involved in obedience that makes an individual obey the authority (Smith, Mackie Claypool, 2014). The individual receiving the order is on a lower status than the individual giving out orders and commands actions that make the obedient individual go against his own conscience. Argumentatively, it can be stated that obedience is a virtue that makes an individual act against his conscience and obeys to the issued orders irrespective of the outcome of the carried out responsibility. This essay will discuss under what circumstances does an individual obeys the authority and go against his conscience with respect to the studies of Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo . The thesis statement for the essay is Obedience wins over conscience under authoritative directives.' Stanley Milgram carried out an experiment in 1963 for studying obedience in psychology by focusing on the conflict between authority to obedience and personal conscience. The experiment consisted of administration of electric shocks by the teacher to the learner for every wrong answer. An experimenter was also present to give out orders to the teachers and compel them to administer electric shocks to the learner against their conscience. It is believed that the individuals are independent enough not to go against their moral code to the extreme, regardless of the pressure exerted on them (Burger, 2014). In the experiment conducted by Milgram, none of the participants were under any violent or physical restraints and in spite of that, they continued to follow the directions of the experimenter and administered the learner severe shock of 450 volts. This was purely out of obedience and demonstrated the fact that ordinary people have the tendency to follow orders as directed by an autho ritative figure even at the cost of the life of a human being who is innocent. It is an ingrained and inherited characteristic that makes them obey orders if they consider their superiors legally correct. This made the participants go along and administer high-voltage shocks without any restraint. Since 65% or 2/3rd of the teachers or participants continued to the maximum level of voltage of 450 volts, it can be stated that obedience was prevalent among the majority of the participants (Milgram, 1963). Milgrams argument of considering obedience as a universal constraint across culture and time was also apparent since all of the participants exerted the electric shock up to the voltage limit of 300 which was damaging enough for the learner. Philip Zimbardo conducted an experiment in 1971 for studying the psychological effects of the power perceived by the participants. It was based on the struggle of power between the prison guards and the prisoners. In the experiment, the good guards readily conformed to the roles of guards in the simulated prison life where they submitted to their social roles out of obedience. It is obvious that the individuals conform to the social roles that they are expected to carry out even if they are stereotyped strongly (Haney, Banks Zimbardo, 1972). It was the environment of the prison that created the brutal behavior of the guards and made them look the other way. This is strongly evident from the fact that none of the participants of the experiment who acted as prison guards had sadistic tendencies prior to the study. This made clear that behavior had a situational explanation and not a dispositional explanation in this study that made the guards behave abnormally out of the prison enviro nment that made them feel committed and involved in their roles (Zimbardo, 2004). Along with the guards, the prisoners started to commit degrading acts against each other on command by the guards as they intended to settle into their new roles. With the torture of the prisoners by the guards, a similar behavior was also infused in their thoughts and they started to adopt the prisoner like behavior (Zimbardo, Maslach Haney, 2000). They sided with the guards against their fellow prisoners who disobeyed the rules and took the prison rules very seriously. Argumentatively, this was all an effect of the environment that caused them to obey their superiors, their guards and carry out their social roles even against their conscience of going against their fellow prisoners. Incorporation of the real world examples into the concept of obedience can never hurt. This is in the sense that the genocidal activities in Rwanda or the Holocaust by the Nazis and the human atrocity in the Abu Ghraib prison would not have been possible unless a large number of obedient followers of orders consented to obey their superiors. These obedient people have been termed as the human agents who, although had conscience, were controlled by the external forces and invariant psychological and trans-historical propensities (Mestrovic, 2016). Several psychologists argued to these examples by stating that obedience of the orders by the superiors can be decisive and supportive in unfolding the operations of torture and murder amidst the factors of dehumanization of the victims and anti-Semitic propaganda (Smyth, 2015). A remarkable reflection of these human atrocities is visible in the experiments by Milgram and Zimbardo where the conscience did not play a role in stopping the subj ects from getting involved in crimes and murderous activities that resulted in willing executioners out of the obedient individuals. Therefore, these two experiments raised the argument and made it stable that obedience can also lead to murderous conversions that make the individual act against his will and gets the mission accomplished under coercion and in an automatic fashion. This argument can be well supported with the real life examples of human atrocities and mass killing movements throughout the world where obedience turned normal human beings into ruthless killers. Different personalities of the individuals make them respond differently to the similar social situations and these accounts for the fact that obedient individuals have a unique personality trait. There are obedient and disobedient individuals who act differently in specific situations and this is evident from the Milgrams paradigm that those who were more obedient applied more electrical shock on the learner compared to the ones who were less obedient (Bgue et al., 2015). Arguably, it can be stated that individuals do have personalities that are capable of expressing stable and unique reactions to the sets of related situations. When it comes to obedience, unique personality traits come to play that makes the individual obey the commands from his superiors. Symbols have a unique role to play in human behavior as it acts as a stimulus that conditions a response. This can be well related to the fact that scientists in the white coat get more attention compared to other human beings. Arguably, if the same white coat belongs to the painting profession, it will receive lesser attention. The cognitive process gets modified with the effect of clothing (Carter, 2013). The coat carries a symbolic meaning that changes the human accordingly when it is worn by a scientist or a painter. Similar examples of such symbols that alter the human behavior are guard with sunglasses and chain on prisoners leg. Zimbardo in his experiment provided the guards with sunglasses to provide them with the attitude and image and provide them with a degree of anonymity. Chain on prisoners leg signifies the dark character of the individual and the associated awful consequences and this cause to develop a negative behavior towards them. Destructive obedience causes harm to an individual because of commands issued by the superiors (Wiltermuth, 2012). However, not all obedience is destructive. While many of the atrocities of the past have demonstrated examples of destructive obedience but there are also acts of obedience that are creative. Arguably, it can be stated that apart from destruction, obedience leads to the creation of discipline. An obedient child follows the directions of his parents and an obedient student follows the teachings of his teacher. Bystander effect is a phenomenon that is socially psychological where the present individuals refuse to offer any help in the presence of other people to a victim. This can be attributed to the psychological fact of disobeying the conscience in the presence of other individuals. Arguably, people who are alone tend to notice a victim who needs assistance much more than when he is in a group (Pltner et al., 2015). Because the individuals tend to behave in a way that is socially acceptable, there occurs a diffusion of responsibility. This causes them to disobey their conscience to help the victims and leads to the bystander effect. From the experiments of Milgram and Zimbardo, it can be stated that obedience defies the personal conscience while following the commands of a superior authority or under social circumstances. Arguments have been raised to show that apart from the destructive obedience, creative acts also take place which is beneficial for the individual. However, bystander effect can defy the conscience of an individual to obey and help an individual in need but fails in the presence of others. In a nutshell, obedience wins over conscience under authoritative directives. References Bgue, L., Beauvois, J. L., Courbet, D., Oberl, D., Lepage, J., Duke, A. A. (2015). Personality predicts obedience in a Milgram paradigm.Journal of Personality,83(3), 299-306. Burger, J. M. (2014). Situational features in Milgram's experiment that kept his participants shocking.Journal of Social Issues,70(3), 489-500. Carter, I. (2013).Human behavior in the social environment. AldineTransaction. Haney, C., Banks, C., Zimbardo, P. (1972).Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison(No. ONR-TR-Z-09). STANFORD UNIV CA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY. Mestrovic, S. G. (2016).Trials of Abu Ghraib: An Expert Witness Account of Shame and Honor. Routledge. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience.The Journal of abnormal and social psychology,67(4), 371. Pltner, M., Over, H., Carpenter, M., Tomasello, M. (2015). Young children show the bystander effect in helping situations.Psychological science, 0956797615569579. Smith, E. R., Mackie, D. M., Claypool, H. M. (2014).Social psychology. Psychology Press. Smyth, M. N. (2015).Abu Ghraib and the activation of complicity: deconstructing the frame(Doctoral dissertation). Wiltermuth, S. (2012). Synchrony and destructive obedience.Social Influence,7(2), 78-89. Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). A situationist perspective on the psychology of evil: Understanding how good people are transformed into perpetrators.The social psychology of good and evil, 21-50. Zimbardo, P. G., Maslach, C., Haney, C. (2000). Reflections on the Stanford prison experiment: Genesis, transformations, consequences.Obedience to authority: Current perspectives on the Milgram paradigm, 193-237.